Solid State Battery Industry Status and Technology Outlook 2025

Accelerated industrialization of solid-state batteries is becoming a key variable in the new energy vehicle market 

As the competition in the new energy vehicle market enters a deep-water zone, solid-state battery technology has become a key factor in determining the future pattern. Major automobile enterprises are actively laying out this field, promoting the strategic transformation of global power battery technology from liquid system to solid state system.

I. Five technical advantages of solid-state battery: redefining the performance boundary of electric vehicles

Solid State Battery Intrinsic Safety Characteristics

Traditional liquid lithium batteries use organic electrolyte, which is flammable and can easily cause fire in case of thermal runaway or physical damage. Solid-state batteries use solid electrolyte to replace liquid electrolyte and diaphragm, which fundamentally solves the risk of electrolyte leakage and combustion, and significantly improves the safety performance of the battery.

Solid State Battery High Energy Density

Energy density is the core index of power battery. The current energy density of solid-state batteries has reached 400Wh/kg, and is expected to exceed 500Wh/kg in the future, which is much higher than that of traditional lithium-ion batteries at the level of 100-150Wh/kg. This means that under the same volume or weight, solid-state batteries are able to store more electrical energy, providing vehicles with a longer range9.

Solid State Battery Ultra-fast charging capability

Charging speed is a key factor affecting user experience. Solid-state batteries support extremely fast charging, with some technology solutions capable of charging to 80% in 9 minutes and a full charge range of more than 600 miles (about 966 kilometers), greatly reducing charging time and improving ease of use9.

Solid State Battery Long cycle life

While traditional liquid batteries typically have a cycle life of about 2,000 cycles, solid-state batteries can have a cycle life of more than 10,000 cycles due to the higher stability of the solid-state electrolyte and fewer side reactions during cycling. The all-solid-state lithium battery developed by the Tsinghua University team still has a capacity retention rate of 82.7% after 2,000 cycles, proving its long-lasting and durable characteristics6.

Solid State Battery Wide Temperature Range Performance and Design Flexibility

Solid-state batteries are able to work stably in a wider temperature range, and maintain normal performance even in extreme low temperature environments of -40℃. At the same time, it offers greater structural design flexibility, and can be manufactured into a variety of shapes and sizes according to the needs of different vehicle models, providing more possibilities for automotive design.

II. Layout of global automobile enterprises: China, Japan, South Korea, Europe and the United States compete

Chinese automakers actively promote industrialization

Chinese automobile enterprises are active in the field of solid-state batteries:

• BYD: started to develop solid-state battery in 2013, adopting sulfide composite electrolyte+high-nickel ternary+silicon based anode technology route, with an energy density of 400Wh/kg. it is planned to launch a batch demonstration of vehicle loading in around 2027, and realize large-scale mass production after 2030.
• Guangzhou Automobile Group (GAC): GAC has released full-solid-state battery technology with energy density of 400Wh/kg or more, supporting vehicle range of more than 1,000km. in July 2025, the first batch of sample parts of Anwar New Energy’s 1.25GWh solid-state battery production line rolled off the production line, and it is planned to be mounted on Hao Platinum’s high-end models in 2026.
• SAIC: It plans to mass produce solid-state batteries with an energy density of more than 400Wh/kg in 2026, and the first phase of semi-solid-state products will be installed in vehicles in 2024.

International automobile enterprises accelerate technology research and development

International automobile enterprises are also actively laying out the field of solid-state batteries:

• Toyota Motor: started solid-state battery research as early as 2008, and currently owns more than 1,300 related patents. It plans to realize large-scale mass production of solid-state batteries during 2027-2028, with a target annual output of 9GWh. 
• Nissan: It has set up a trial production line for all-solid-state batteries at its Yokohama engine plant, and plans to start trial production in March 2025, and to realize large-scale mass production by the end of 2028. 
• BMW Group: The world’s first BMW i7 test car equipped with all-solid-state batteries has been launched to conduct real-world testing on the road, marking a key step forward in the application of solid-state batteries by BMW. solid-state battery application has taken a key step forward.

III. Core Challenges to Industrialization: Technology, Cost and Supply Chain Bottlenecks

Technical bottlenecks still need to be broken through

Solid-state batteries still face a number of technical challenges:

• Interfacial impedance: the “solid-solid” contact between electrode and electrolyte leads to increased interfacial impedance, which affects the charging and discharging efficiency and cycle life of the battery. 
• Ionic conductivity limitation: the ionic conductivity of most of the solid-state electrolytes is still lower than that of liquid electrolytes at room temperature, which limits the charging and discharging speed. 
• Material expansion problem: the volume change of the electrode and electrolyte in the process of charging and discharging leads to the occurrence of cracks or separation of the interface, which affects the stability of the battery. Battery stability

High cost

The current production cost of solid-state batteries is 3-5 times that of traditional lithium batteries, mainly due to:

• High cost of raw materials, especially high-purity compounds such as lithium sulfide, lithium chloride and other rare metals such as zirconium and germanium 
• Small production scale, scale effect has not yet been formed, and the supply chain of key materials is imperfect 
• High requirements of the manufacturing process, high investment in equipment, and relatively low production efficiency

Imperfect industry chain

The solid-state battery industry chain is not yet mature and faces the following problems:

• Insufficient synergy between upstream and downstream enterprises, slow process of technology research and development and industrialization. 
• Unstable supply chain of key materials, such as Japan’s heavy chemical industry monopoly of 92% of the world’s lithium sulfide production capacity, and a 40% reduction in the export quota to China. 
• Low degree of standardization, and differences in technology routes and product specifications among different enterprises.

IV. Technology Development Path: Parallel Development of Various Electrolyte Routes

Sulfide electrolyte route

Sulfide electrolyte has high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties at room temperature, and is considered the technology route with the greatest potential for future development.2 According to the Chinese government’s industrial plan, 3,000 vehicles will be installed with sulfide all-solid-state batteries in 2027, and small-scale mass production will be realized.

Oxide Electrolyte Route

Oxide electrolytes have moderate ionic conductivity and high stability, and include various types such as NASICON structure, garnet structure, chalcocite structure, and amorphous structure.2 Pengfeng Energy launched the first generation of solid-state batteries based on the oxide route in August 2024, which is considered to have high safety and good environmental adaptability.

Polymer and composite electrolyte route

Polymer electrolytes use an in-situ curing process, and their manufacturing process is highly compatible with liquid batteries, making them relatively less difficult to industrialize.7 GAC is developing polymer-based multifunctional composite electrolyte technology.

V. Market Application Prospects: From High-end Models to Emerging Fields

New Energy Vehicle Market

It is expected that China’s solid-state battery shipments will reach 18GWh by 2027 and 30GWh by 2028.2 Academician Minggao Ouyang pointed out that the current all-solid-state batteries with a specific energy of 400Wh/kg and a cycle life of more than 1,000 times as the performance target to ensure that a car in a small batch of cars in 2027, and to achieve large-scale mass production in 2030.

Emerging Application Areas

Solid-state batteries have broad application prospects in the following emerging fields:

• eVTOL (Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Vehicle): rigid demand for high energy density and high safety 
• Humanoid robots: need high safety and high energy density power supply support
• High-end consumer electronics: AI glasses, AI toys, AR/VR/MR devices, etc. have stringent requirements for battery form-factor adaptability and safety

VI. Policy support and industry synergy: accelerating the commercialization of solid-state batteries

China has formed a three-dimensional support system of “centralized policy setting + local pilot promotion”.2 The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has proposed to support the development of lithium and sodium batteries into solid state, and to build 3-5 global leading enterprises before 2027.

Governments around the world have also actively introduced specific intelligent industrial policies, through local subsidies and financial support to promote industrial development. Guangdong Battery Industry Association organized a roundtable forum for solid-state battery leaders to promote collaborative innovation among upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry chain and breakthroughs in industrialization.

VII. Conclusion: Solid-state batteries will reshape the competitive landscape of car companies

Solid-state battery technology is becoming the focus of competition in the new energy vehicle industry, and will reshape the competitive landscape of automobile enterprises in three aspects:

• Technical strength determines the right to speak: automobile enterprises mastering advanced solid-state battery technology will occupy a dominant position in terms of product performance and industry standardization. 
• Cost control becomes the key: with the maturity of the technology and the advancement of large-scale production, cost reduction will become a key factor for automobile enterprises to enhance their competitiveness. 
• Reinventing the brand image and product positioning: solid-state battery models will help automobile enterprises to enhance their brand image, attract specific consumer groups, and open up high-end markets.9 Although solid-state battery still faces technical and cost challenges, it will also be a key factor for automobile enterprises to enhance their competitiveness. Brand Image and Product Positioning Reshaping

Although solid-state batteries are still facing multiple challenges in technology, cost and supply chain, with the continuous breakthroughs in technology and the gradual improvement of the industrial chain, it is expected that by 2030, the global shipment of solid-state batteries will reach 614.1GWh, with a market size of more than 250 billion yuan. Solid-state batteries will accelerate the development of new energy automobile industry and promote global energy transformation and sustainable development.